Amylase Activity In Germinating Seeds

Amylase Activity In Germinating Seeds Amylase is an enzyme found in the germinating seeds. Imbibition process causes the release of growth plant (gibberelin) which stimulates the synthesis of amylase. Amylase activity is affected by many factors such as temperature, pH, enzyme concentration, substrate concentration, and the presence of any inhibitors or activators.  [1]  Amylase enzyme in the green bean seeds works best at specific range of temperature. The cotyledons store food for the use of embryo in the form of starch. Amylase enzyme breaks down starch into maltose, a chain of two glucose molecules Maltose then breaks down into glucose. Glucose is used for the growth of plumule and radicle. When this process happens, the seeds are said to undergo germination process. The emergence of plumule and radicle indicate that the seeds have germinated. In germinated seeds, the blue colour of the Benedicts solution change to brick-red precipitate indicating the presence of glucose while maintaining the yellowish-brown colo ur of the iodine solution indicating the absence of starch. However, in non-germinated seeds, the yellowish-brown colour of the iodine solution change to blue black indicating the presence of starch while maintaining the blue colour of the Benedicts solution indicating the absence of glucose. AIM : To investigate the amylase activity during seed germination RESEARCH QUESTION: How does amylase activity affect the rate of seed germination? HYPOTHESIS: The higher the amylase activity, the higher the rate of seed germination which is indicated by the higher changes in length of plumule and radicle. Hence, the area of starch agar that represents the absence of starch is bigger and the concentration of brick-red precipitate is lower indicating the presence of small amount glucose. VARIABLES: Units Range Independent Variable Different condition of the seeds Vary the conditions of the green bean seeds by boiling, soaking and drying Dependent Variable Change in length of radicle and plumule Measure the change in length of radicle and plumule by using the ruler cm Table 1 : The independent and dependent variable of the experiment and method to control. Control variables Units Range The temperature of the incubator Set the temperature of the incubator at 25 °C throughout the experiment  °C -10 110 The time taken for each plate to be left in the incubator Left each plate for 1 week The type of seed used Use the same type of seed which is green been seeds for each sterile starch agar plate The number of seed placed in each plate Place 5 green bean seeds in each of the sterile starch agar plate Table 2: The control variables of the experiment and method to control. MATERIALS AND APPARATUS : APPARATUS Apparatus Quantity Test tube 2 Beaker 2 Ruler 1 Microwave oven 1 Marker 1 Razor blade 1 Incubator 1 Pestle and mortar 1 set Table 3: The list of apparatus. MATERIAL Material Quantity Benedicts solution Some Iodine solution Some Disinfectant Some Distilled water 50 ml Green bean seeds 15 Sterile starch agar plate 3 Table 4: The list of material. PROCEDURE : A. PREPARING DIFFERENT CONDITIONS OF GREEN BEAN SEEDS. Soak 5 green bean seeds in distilled water for 24 hours. Heat 5 green bean seeds in the microwave oven at 35 °C for about 30 minutes. Boil 5 green bean seeds. B. INVESTIGATING THE AMYLASE ACTIVITY OF GREEN BEAN SEEDS. Label 3 sterile starch agar plates with A (boiled green bean seeds), B (soaked green bean seeds) and C (dried green bean seeds) Cut each seeds of different conditions into half to split the cotyledon by using the razor blade. Soak the split seeds into disinfectant solution for 10 minutes for sterilization and then rinse twice using the distilled water. Place 5 boiled green bean seeds in plate A, 5 soaked green bean seeds in B and 5 dried green bean seeds in C by using the forceps. Place all the labeled plates in the incubator at temperature of 25 °C for 1 week. After 1 week, retrieve all the plates. Take out the seeds from plate A and cut the radicle and plumule by using the razor blade. Measure and record the length of radicle and plumule by using the ruler. Pour iodine solution into sterile starch agar plate until it covers the whole agar for 3 minutes and observe the size of the area represents the absence of starch. Transfer the seeds including the plumule and radicle into the mortar. Put a spoonful of sand and 10 ml of distilled water into the mortar. Grind the mixture using the pestle until it becomes watery mixture. Pour some of the watery mixture obtained into a test tube and add 2 drops of Benedicts solution to test for the presence of glucose. Note the colour changes and record the data obtained. Record all the measurement and observation in a table. Repeat steps 7-14 for plate B and C. DATA COLLECTION : QUALITATIVE DATA Plate Condition of the seeds Observation A Boiled green bean seeds B Soaked green bean seeds C Dried green beans seeds Table 5: Observation on the change in the colour of iodine solution and Benedicts solution. QUANTITATIVE DATA Plate A (boiled green bean seeds) Plate B (soaked green bean seeds) Plate C (dried green beans seeds) Change in length of the radicle, cm ( ± 0.05) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Change in length of the plumule, cm ( ± 0.05) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Table 6: The change in length of the radicle and plumule.

Islam †a Diverse Religion in a Diverse World Essay

On September 11th 2001 at 8:45 am an American Airlines Jet Flight 11, hit the north tower of the World Trade Center; several minutes later at 9:06 United Airlines flight 175 hit the south tower of the World Trade Center. Most of the citizens of the United States watched their televisions in horror as this terrible tragedy unfolded. This single terrorist attack on U. S. soil brought to the attention of the average American citizen, the capability of the extreme Islamic sect of the Muslim religion, to mastermind and carry out a massive destructive attack. This ill view of the Islamic faith remains years after 9/11. A more comprehensive knowledge of their faith and its good attributes will help in our perceptions and how we treat members of this religious order. There are certain sects of the Islamic faith that are terrorists; this has been proven in more than one instance. For example the recent bombing during the Boston marathon, the suspect Tamerian Tsarnaev according to the FBI state, â€Å"he was a follower of radical Islam†. (Federal Bureau of Investigation, 2013) These are the radicals of the faith. There are many more Muslims that are good people who have no intention of hurting anyone. There has been a backlash against Muslims for several years in many countries including the United States. This has made it very difficult for people of the Muslim faith to carry on regular day-to-day interactions and dealings with people that are not of their faith. We will explore the Muslim population in the United States, Great Britain, Pakistan, the Middle East, India and other Asian countries. We will examine the number of Muslims in these countries, how Islam is perceived in these countries and how the Muslim population interacts with people of Jewish and Christian faiths. According to Malloy, Islam whose followers are known as Muslim, is a monotheistic faith. They believe in God/Allah, that Muhammad is their prophet and the Qur’an is the written record of revelation to mankind. The Qur’an uses the term People of the Book to include all monotheists, including Jews, Christians and Muslims. According to Islam, all nations were given a Messenger and guidance from Allah. Islam teaches that Judaism worships one god but the idea that any one people being the chosen people is considered racist. Islam teaches that Christianity also worships one god but rejects the notion of the trinity as polytheistic. There are 4 major sects within the Islamic faith. The first sect is named Shi’a. The Second Sect is named Sunni. The third group is called Sufis. The fourth major sect is the Ahmaddiya. (Malloy, 2010) In the United States the three main practiced religions are Christianity, Judaism and Islam. There have been interfaith initiatives to find harmony among these three faiths. One thing that has been observed is that Muslim Imams have been included in many more public and governmental ceremonies in recent years. The Distribution of the Muslim Population in the World It is thought, by the general population in the United States, that the majority of the Muslim world population is located in the Middle East. The fact is, that of the target areas this paper is exploring, only four countries fall into the top ten populations of Muslims. The nations with the largest percentage of Muslims are Somalia in Africa 99. %, Afghanistan in the Middle East 99. 7%, Tunisia in Africa 99. 5%, Western Sahara in Africa 99. 4%, Mauritania in Africa 99. 1%, Yemen in the Middle East 99. 1%, Morocco in Africa 98. 9%, Iran in the Middle East 98. 6%, Maldives in Asia 98. 4% and Comoros in Africa 98. 3%. (Most Muslim Nations (2005), 2013) As you can see, six of the top ten Muslim nations as a percentage of population are in Asia. These demographics are quite different than what most Americans perceive. Islam is perceived differently in different cultures United States The United States has in its constitution, Amendment I enacted in 1791, which states â€Å"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof†. (Congress, 1791) This requires that the government must abstain from interfering with any religious organization. According to Bell (2007), Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 prohibits employers of 15 people or more from discrimination against employees or applicants in hiring, firing, and other terms and conditions of employment because of their religious beliefs or practices. Employers must provide reasonable accommodations for the practice of one’s religion. The three most practiced religions in the United States are Christianity, Judaism, and Islam. Even though the government is not a problem for the Muslim population in the United States, the radicals of the Islamic faith, with their extremely destructive, disruptive actions have made the general population wary of anyone associated with Islam, this has lead to the development of many problems as well as discriminatory, prejudiced attitudes and actions toward people of the Muslim faith. There have been interfaith initiatives to find harmony among the three faiths. Such as Initiatives of Change who are an international group who’s goals are â€Å"committed to the transformation of society through change in human motives and behavior. † (Initiatives of Change, 2013) It has also been observed that Muslim Imams have been included in many more public and governmental ceremonies in recent years. Great Britain Next to Christianity, â€Å"the second largest religion in Great Britain is Islam. There are a number of variants of Islam practiced in the UK, due largely to the number of immigrants stemming from numerous former colonies in South Asia. Estimates also put the number of white converts to Islam at up to 100,000. † (Islamic Culture in Europe, 2013) The Muslim population in Great Britain is 1,640,725 which is 2. 7% of the population and places them as the one hundred third (103) place as a percentage of population to the total population. (Most Muslim Nations (2005), 2013) According to Islamic Culture in Europe (2013) in Great Britain the majority of Muslims practice Sunni Islam. There is also a large presence of Iranian-Shia which are the minority. With this noticeable existence of followers of the Islamic faith many groups have been showing increased concern. â€Å"A startling 75% of the British population believes that Islam has a negative impact on British society and tensions remain following the 7/7 bombings in London. The press has also been largely negative, publishing articles on extremism in schools and mosques. † (Islamic Culture in Europe, 2013) â€Å"Despite these problems and difficulties, religious freedom laws in the UK make it one of the most accepting in Europe. There is no law restricting Islamic dress, acceptance of prayer schedules in most workplaces, and heavily protected freedom of speech laws. † (Islamic Culture in Europe, 2013) India The Muslim population in India is 166,097,980 which is 13. 7% of the general population. (CIA World Factbook, 2013) Though the number of people seems like quite a few, we have to remember that India has a lot of people. They have the second largest population in the world. We also have to remember that Pakistan and Bangladesh were part of the original India and broke off from India over religion. They have the seventieth (70) largest population of Muslims in the world. (Most Muslim Nations (2005), 2013) Hinduism is the most practiced religion in India and Islam is the second most practiced religion. Thru the years since Islam was introduced to India, there has been an integration of the Hindu and Muslim cultures. Civil Matters for Muslims such as marriage, inheritance and property are governed since 1937 by the Muslim Personal Law. There is much that the Hindu and Muslim cultures have contributed to each other. Art and architecture are the two most prominent items of melding of styles. The Muslims adopted the cast system into their religion in this region of the world. There are two divisions. There are the Muslims which are of Arabic decent and Muslims who are not of Arabic decent. The Arabic decent Muslims are considered superior to the non-Arab Muslims. Over the years, there has been much bloodshed and suffering because of fighting between the Muslims and the Hindus, Sikhs and Christians. There still to this day is conflict and an even greater conflict between India and Pakistan.

John Case

John M. Case Company I. Statement of the Problem The John M. Case Company was established in 1920 by Uriah Case and was the largest manufacturer of business calendars in the United States. The company was then handed off to John M. Case, and continued to prosper. John M. Case controlled a large amount of the market share in this industry along with an increasing number for sales. Then, John M. Case decided it was time to retire and sell the company. Anthony W. Johnson, an employer of John M. Case Company, was interested in this purchase.After coming up with $500,000 within the management group, Johnson still faced a dilemma of raising $10 million without giving up control to outside investors. With this, Johnson needed to come up with a strategic financial plan in order to successfully obtain such a company. II. Statement of Facts and Assumptions With a large amount of the market share in favor of John M. Case Company, the business risk was relatively low for this industry. John M. C ase owned 60-65% of the market share causing the risk to be substantially lower than other industries. Manufacturing for this company had many advantages.As Case Company had a subsidiary in Puerto Rico, it allowed them to be tax exempt from U. S taxes. With these tax exemptions, it provided low income tax rates for Case Company. Case Company also did not have problems in regards to their customers. With 95% of their customers being loyal to their company by re-purchasing orders annually. Company finances were also a positive for John M. Case. The company did not need to part take in seasonal buying in approximately 10 years, but strategically kept $2 million lines of credit. By looking at the different components to John M.Case Company, the outlook for future endeavors seems to be profitable. III. Analysis By looking at the different components to John M. Case Company, the outlook for future endeavors seems to be profitable. Johnson’s decision to purchase this company would b e a smart move financially. As the company has seen prosperous growth throughout its years, its part in the market seems to show low risk and high levels of profit. IV. Recommendation As the issue continues in coming up with the additional $10 million, Johnson should look into more resources to obtain the additional funding.The financial state of this company is in top shape looking at the current ratio and inventory turnover in Exhibit 1 below. As the current ratio is well above 1, it secures the idea that John M. Case Company is able to pay back its short-term liabilities and assets. Having a confident number for their current ratio assures the company can handle financial issues that may come their way. With their loyal customers, low-cost manufacturing and large market share, the profits of John M. Case Company are endless. Exhibit 1 Current Ratio in 1984$8, 998/$1,266 = 7. 107 Inventory Turnover$9,740/$588 = 16. 565

An Issue Of Propaganda Delivery - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 956 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2019/08/06 Category Politics Essay Level High school Tags: Propaganda Essay Did you like this example? Propaganda is one of the most powerful tools a government has in wartime. These weighted messages are used to persuade citizens to follow commands and accept ideals proposed by those in power. Posters have been a large source of propaganda outlets prior to the use of media present today; such as television and the internet. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "An Issue Of Propaganda Delivery" essay for you Create order These images carried a lot of weight with the people of their time. This is because there was not the same constant flow of information available. People were able to slow down and process messages from a more intricate illustration. This meant that a lot more information could be absorbed from a single source. Because of this, propaganda posters were able to convey strong messages through many details. Often these propaganda posters were contracted and printed by the United States government. Posters used the movement of images, characteristics of subjects, and weight of wording to deliver different messages. Two great examples of this are, Im Counting on You! and Someone Talked1, shown below. Both of these posters address information secrecy using many of the same elements in different ways. Ultimately, in these posters, very contrasting delivery methods are used that bring a different undertone and implication to the same message. One concept that is blatantly striking in these two images is movement. The first image depicts Uncle Sam using his finger to shush the viewer. Additionally, Uncle Sam is blended into the background. It is suggested that he is wearing a blue jacket that is identical to the background he is against. You see this in the arm he is using. There is a slight distinction of where is arm is against the blue background, but only subtly. This blending into the surrounds suggests a secretive message between Uncle Sam and the viewer not to talk about what the military is doing; to keep the information as secretive as he appears. This also brings a certain level of secrecy to the viewing of the poster itself. As Uncle Sam delivers a message as he fades into the background of the poster. It gives a feeling that he came to speak to you about a very important message and is sneaking away. In the second image, a man is falling back into the water. The water in this image is very choppy and dark. He is also reaching his hand outward from the menacing water toward the viewer. There is a motion of falling back and reaching out. However, his han d appears both to be reaching out and pointing at the viewer. The words, Somebody talked in conjunction with the pointing suggests that the viewer may have been the one to talk and, furthermore, got this man into his grim situation. This play both on fear and guilt. The fear comes in when a viewer may be thinking twice about the things s/he has said and if they may have in fact caused some sort of danger for American soldiers. If the viewers feel there may have been something said, s/he could feel guilty being faced with the image of a drowning soldier. The poster insinuates that the soldiers death is on those who told secret information to the wrong people. The viewer might also be caused to ponder who among the people surrounding them may be disclosing American secrets. Even those who feel they may have let something slip must wonder how the person they spoke to could have used that information. This breeds fear and distrust in others. If someone observing this poster had been inv olved in information sharing, there could be a level of guilt received from posters blaming them so blatantly for the deaths of Americans.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   Another important aspect to these posters is the subjects they depict. In Im Counting on You! Uncle Sam is a very well-known figure. The viewer instantly knows where this message is coming from. Uncle Sam is an embodiment of the United States. He is an older gentleman who gives the idea that the viewer is more able than himself to abide by the call to arms or financial aid often requested by this figure. His face is rather expressionless, gentler and more relaxed than the second poster, with a slightly pleading look that furthers this request. His entire ensemble is red, white, and blue to induce patriotism in the viewer as well as reinforce the source of the message being the United States government. The more a citizen feels connected to their government and country as a whole, the more likely that citizen is to go along with the request of government suggestions. His finger suggests the viewer do something but executed in a non-threatening manner. The subject is all around more co mforting and produces a relationship based on that comfort and familiarity.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the poster, Somebody Talked!, the subject has a very different look and ultimately connotation of the message. While the face of Uncle Sam is relaxed, the man in this poster appears angry. He gazes at the viewer out of the sides of his eyes. This indirect glare embarks an uncomfortable feeling of fear and/or guilt on the viewer. The shadows on his face give a thicker possibly furrowed brow that reinforces those feelings. The subjects mouth is open with only his top lip visible. Because the viewer can not see his bottom lip there is no way to make out if any words are being spoken. The gaping mouth can be consistent with someone who is drawing and gasping for air. By seeing the subject as drowning there is a connotation of extreme severity within the message of information secrecy. This poster suggests this is the fate of soldiers when you talk about military strategies.