English Language Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

English Language - Essay Example In context of the communicative approach to language learning, I would like to start touching upon the models proposed by Krashen as far as motivation and effectiveness of technology in teaching goes. This will lay the structure for us to consider the nuances of shared reading in the linguistic context. (Mercer et al, 1996) The first model is called affective filter hypothesis. We will study this model from the perspective of bilingualism. It has been assumed that every child has a first language before he or she knows it. But we must remember, there are also many homes in various parts of the world where children are brought up with a more or less equitable exposure to two and sometimes, even three languages – both in the written and spoken forms. For example, an average curriculum in India for any school includes English as well as a second language, which is more often than not Hindi (the national language), and finally a third language until the age of 13 (this is generally the regional or local language). Therefore, to study this hypothesis we must keep in mind that there are individuals who grow up with equally strong holds over two or even more languages. (Mercer et al, 1996) To begin with this hypothesis works on the assumption that there is a filter in every individual’s mind that impedes the process of the second (or third) language or L2 entering into one’s awareness. The elements that are required to cross this phase include relaxing techniques and the creation of a congenial learning environment. A congenial environment more often than not signifies cooperation and a certain comfort level in carrying out various reading and writing exercises. This further sets the platform for shared reading. It is therefore, an accepted fact that shared reading must be initiated among children when they are very small as this is the time when they are the least intimidated by interaction with other

Films and Filming Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Films and Filming - Essay Example On the other hand cinema is making the viewer believe that the train coming towards him is real, making the unreal look real. These two qualities of Cinema led to the division of cinema into documentaries and feature films. Of these the feature films or story telling films developed into the commercial cinema or the mainstream cinema. The revolt against the commercialization of the art of cinema led to the emergence of the experimental cinema. Side by side with these the documentary cinema existed as one of the greatest traditions of cinema. This paper examines Hollywood Cinema as a model of Commercial cinema or the main stream cinema. The French New wave film movement, with Jean Luc Godard and his film Breathless will be analyzed as an example for the experimental cinema. HOLLYWOOD: Hollywood, in Los Angeles, California is all about stars and glitter. The area now known as Hollywood was sparsely populated in the seventeenth century when the Spanish explorers entered there .Santa Mon ica Mountains towered over the area and in the canyons of these mountains lived the Native Americans. By 1870s the area was a flourishing agricultural area, with crops like hay and grain, bananas and pine apple. In 1910, film maker D.W. Griffith working for Biograph Company, came to Downtown Los Angeles, and with his acting troop to shoot films. Thus it was Griffith who shot the first ever movie in Hollywood, then without a studio. The film was called â€Å"In Old California†. It was a Biograph melodrama.

Analysis of SIF Intrinsic Dynamics

Analysis of SIF Intrinsic Dynamics Abstract. It was recently found that spectral solar incident flux (SIF) as a function of the ultraviolet wavelengths exhibit 1/fà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­type power-law correlations. In this study, an attempt was made to explore the SIF intrinsic dynamics versus a wider range of wavelengths, from 115.5nm to 629.5nm. It seemed that the intermittency of SIF data set was very high and the revealed DFA-n exponents were very close to unity. Moreover, the power spectral density was better fitted algebraically than exponentially with exponent very close to unity. Eliminating the fitting of three different types of Planck formula from SIF data set, scaling exponents very close to unity were derived, indicating that the 1/f scaling dynamics concern not the Planck’s law but its variations. 1. Introduction As it is well known, electromagnetic radiation is continuously emitted by every physical body. This emitted radiation is adequately described by Plancks law near thermodynamic equilibrium at a definite temperature. There is a positive correlation between the temperature of an emitting body and the Planck radiation at every wavelength. As the temperature of an emitting surface increases, the maximum wavelength of the emitted radiation increases too. Smith and Gottlieb (1974) re-examined the subject of photon solar flux and its variations versus wavelength and showed that variations in the extreme ultraviolet (UV) spectrum and in the X-ray of solar flux may reach at high orders of magnitude causing significant changes in the Earth’s ionosphere, especially during major solar flares (Kondratyev et al. 1995; Kondratyev and Varotsos 1996; Alexandris et al. 1999; Melnikova 2009; Xue et al. 2011). Simon (1978) examined the solar irradiance fluxes from 120 to 400 nm and suggested that the internal scaling properties of solar radiation during the eleven-year cycle is still unknown, as the cause of the available solar data discrepancies can not be attributed to solar activity. Solanki and Unruh (1998) proposed simple models of the total solar irradiance variations versus wavelength showing that variations on solar flux are mainly caused by magnetic fields at the solar surface. Solar observations may be reproduced by a model of three parameters: the quiet Sun, a facular component and the temperature stratification of sunspots. Tobiska et al. (2000) developed a forecasting solar irradiance model, called SOLAR2000, covering the spectral range of 1–1,000,000 nm. Using this tool, the authors attempted to describe solar variation versus wavelength and through time from X-ray through infrared wavelengths, in order to predict the solar radiation component of the space environment. Very recently, Varotsos et al. (2013a,b) suggested the existence of strong persistent long-range correlations in the solar flux fluctuations versus UV wavelengths. More precisely, by applying the detrending fluctuation analysis (DFA) to the initial SIF versus UV wavelengths data set power-law correlations of the type 1/f, which is omnipresent in nature, was found. In the present study, we examine whether the scaling feature of 1/f noise is apparent in a wider spectrum of SIF, namely for wavelengths (WL) between 115.5 and 629.5nm. 2. Data and analysis As mentioned just above solar incident flux data for WL ranging from 115.5nm to 629.5nm with a step of 1nm were employed. The spectrophotometric data of spectral extraterrestrial solar flux have been taken from the book by Makarova et al. (1991) (see also Makarova et al. 1994; Melnikova and Vasilyev 2005). Fig. 1a depicts SIF values for the wavelength range of 115.5-629.5nm. The principal feature shown in this figure is the existence of non-stationarities into the solar spectral distribution and the strong upward trend. The detrending of this data set was accomplished by applying linear as well as polynomial best fit. To eliminate the non-stationarities of this data set and to detect the intrinsic self-similarity, we applied the well-known DFA method (Peng et al. 1994; Weber and Talkner 2001; Varotsos 2005; Skordas et al. 2010). Furthermore, we calculated the power spectrum for the initial SIF-WL data set, using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm as well as the maximum entropy method (MEM) of the TISEAN package (http://www.mpipks-dresden.mpg.de/~tisean/TISEAN_2.1/index.html). For comparison reasons, we used the Planck formula taking into account the effective temperature obtained from NASA (http://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/factsheet/sunfact.html). A brief description of DFA-tool may be given as follows: Consider the SIF data set x(i) of length N which is integrated over WL. In more detail, to integrate the data, we calculate the à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uctuations of the N observations x(i) from their mean value xave, notably: x(i) xave. Therefore, the integrated data set, y(i), is consisting of the following points: y(1) = [x(1) − xave], y(2) = [x(1) − xave] + [x(2) − xave], . . . , y(i) = (1) We split the integrated data set into non-overlapping boxes of equal length, Ï„. In each box, a best polynomial local trend (of order n) is à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ tted in order to detrend the integrated profile (by subtracting the locally fitted trend). The root-mean-square fluctuations Fd (Ï„) of this integrated and detrended profile is calculated over all scales (box sizes). The detrended fluctuation function F is defined by: k = 0, 1, 2,†¦, , (2) where z(i) is a linear least-square fit to the Ï„ data contained within a box (Kantelhardt et al. 2002). In case the signals involve scaling, a power-law behavior for the root-mean-square à ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡uctuation function Fd (Ï„) is observed: Fd (Ï„) ∠¼ Ï„a (3) where ÃŽ ± is the scaling exponent, a self-afà ¯Ã‚ ¬Ã‚ nity parameter that represents the long-range power-law correlation (Ausloos and Ivanova 2001). It is worthy of note that a is a generalized Hurst exponent (H) being equal between them for the case of a fractional Gaussian noise (FGN) data set, where 0 1. For a fractional Brownian motion (FBM) data set (1 2) the relation between these exponents is H = a − 1 (Ausloos and Ivanova, 2001). For uncorrelated data, the scaling exponent is ÃŽ ± = 0.5. An exponent ÃŽ ± ≠  0.5 in a certain range of Ï„ values implies the existence of long-range correlations in that time interval. If 0ÃŽ ±ÃŽ ± ≠¤1.0 (and if again the data set is nonintermittent), then persistent long-range power-law correlations prevail (the case ÃŽ ± = 1 corresponds to the so-called 1/f noise) (Weber and Talkner 2001). Finally, the scaling properties of SIF-WL data set were also studied using Haar analysis (Lovejoy and Schertzer, 2012a,b). According to Haar analysis the variation of X parameter fluctuations ΔX with scale Δt can be defined using the â€Å"generalized† qth order structure function Sq(Δt) = ÃŽ §(Δt)q >, where the symbol stands for ensemble averaging. In a scaling regime, Sq(Δt) ≈ ΔtÃŽ ¾(q), where the exponent ÃŽ ¾(q)= qH K(q) and K(q) indicates the scaling intermittency (satisfying K(1) = 0). 3. Discussion and results Varotsos et al. (2013a) studying the high-resolution observations of SIF reaching the ground and the top of the atmosphere, suggested that SIF versus ultraviolet WL exhibit 1/fà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­type power-law correlations. This result was derived by applying the DFA method on the SIF dataset obtained from the Villard St. Pancrace station of the Lille University of Sciences and Technology and was based on the slope (i.e., 1.02 ±0.02) of the log – log plot of the root mean square fluctuation function of SIF versus the WL segment size Ï„. In order to further establish the power-law scaling mentioned before, Varotsos et al. (2013b) employed the two criteria suggested by Maraun et al. (2004), notably the rejection of the exponential decay of the autocorrelation function and the constancy of â€Å"local slopes† in a certain range towards the low frequencies. The results showed that the power-law fit on the power spectral density (of the detrended SIF-WL versus logÏ„) was much better than exponential one, for scales higher than Ï„ ≈ 1.4 nm, while the method of local slopes exhibited â€Å"constancy† with constant threshold (a ≈ 0.92) at the same range, Ï„ > 1.4 nm. Therefore, the two criteria of Maraum et al. (2004) were satisfied ensuring the 1/fà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­type power-law correlations in SIF versus WL suggested by Varotsos et al. (2013a). In the present study, the scaling dynamics of a wider spectrum of SIF-WL data set was studied, for wavelengths between 115.5 and 629.5nm. Firstly, DFA-n seemed to can take care of the trends revealing a DFA-exponent close to unity (after DFA-2), as shown in Fig. 1b. In the following we plotted the power spectral density (using FFT) of the linearly detrended SIF data set. The derived power spectral density showed that the power-law fitting gives coefficient of determination, R2, higher than the exponential one (see Fig. 2a). This was confirmed by F-test, at 95% confidence level. From the other hand, the DFA-1 exponent was 1.24, while by applying the multiple DFA on the linearly detrended SIF data, the derived exponents ranged from 0.94 to 1. Similar results were derived when we repeated the above mentioned analysis for the polynomially (of 6th degree) detrended SIF data set. The derived power spectral density was, once more, better fitted algebraically than exponentially (a result which was confirmed by F-test, at 95% confidence level), while the linearly DFA-exponent was 1.01 (see Fig.2b). In other words, it seemed that no detrending is needed for the studied data set. Next, to resume our results we analysed the initial SIF-WL data set by using Haar analysis (Lovejoy and Schertzer, 2012a,b). According to Haar analysis, as also mentioned in the Section 2, the variation of SIF fluctuations versus wavelength Ï„ can be defined using the â€Å"generalized† qth order structure function Sq(Ï„) = RF(Ï„)q >, for which it holds that in a scaling regime Sq(Ï„) ≈ Ï„Î ¾(q), where the exponent ÃŽ ¾(q)= qH K(q) and K(q) illustrates the scaling intermittency (satisfying K(1) = 0 and ÃŽ ¾(1) = H). Fig. 3b shows that the intermittency of SIF data set is very high (C1=0.20), hence the RMS exponent = ÃŽ ¾(2)/2=0.60 is quite different from the q=1 exponent (H) and the data are far from Gaussian. In the classical quasi-Gaussian case, K(q) = 0 so that ÃŽ ¾(q) is linear. More generally, if the field is intermittent – for example if it is the result of a multifractal process – then the exponent K(q) is generally non linear and co nvex and characterizes the intermittency. The physical significance of H is thus that it determines the rate at which mean fluctuations grow (H > 0) or decrease (H Ï„. According to Fig. 3a,b, the exponent ÃŽ ¾(2) of the structure function equals to zero (at scales below 10 nm), a fact which means that the power spectrum exponent ÃŽ ²=1+ÃŽ ¾(2) equals to 1 (1/f structure). On the other hand, at larger scales, the exponents ÃŽ ¾(2) and ÃŽ ² seem to equal to 1.2 and 2.2, respectively. To clarify this aspect, we calculated the power spectrum for the initial SIF-WL data set, using the MEM. Then, we plotted in Fig. 4a the power spectral density versus frequency and we compared these results with 1/f and 1/f2.2 structure, following the exponent ÃŽ ¾(2)= 1.2 shown in Fig. 3. Interestingly, the results lied in between these two lines. Furthermore, we calculated the power spectrum for the initial as well as for the polynomially (of 6th and 7th degree) detrended SIF data set, using again the MEM. We plotted in Fig. 4b the power spectral density versus WL and the corresponding algebraically fitting in the range from 10 to 100 nm. In the latter fitting we found exponent very close to unity. However, Varotsos et al. (2013a) tried to formulate the above-shown finding, i.e., that the solar spectral irradiance obeys 1/f power-law as a function of UV wavelength, using the well-known Plancks law: which, in the limit of small wavelengths tends to the Wien approximation: , where I(Ï„,ÃŽ ¤) is the amount of energy emitted at a wavelength Ï„ per unit surface area per unit time per unit solid angle per unit wavelength, T is the temperature of the black body, h is Plancks constant, c is the speed of light, and k is Boltzmanns constant. By applying the DFA method on the various values of I(Ï„,ÃŽ ¤) Varotsos et al. (2013a) showed that the calculated I(Ï„,ÃŽ ¤) values do not obey the 1/fà ¯Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ­type scaling. In an effort to clarify this aspect, we firstly applied on the initial SIF data set a fitting that was based on the Planck formula: Planck(Ï„)= and the derived exponents were a1 = 6799.86 ± 45.39(0.6674%) and b1= 2754.38  ± 15.85 (0.5755%) (see Fig. 5). Next, we applied the formula: p(Ï„)= which releases the exponent in front of the Bose-Einstein distribution giving a possible explanation for the different distribution of photons. The derived exponents were a= 3250.17  ± 90.65 (2.79%), b= 4456.26  ± 121.3 (2.72%) and c= 8.81914  ± 0.2589 (2.94%). Our last step was to use the Planck formula taking into account the effective temperature obtained from NASA. However, since hc = 1.986à ¯Ã†â€™-10-25 Jm and k = 1.38à ¯Ã†â€™-10-23 J/K, the Planck formula gives ÃŽ ¤sun = 5224.3 K while the p(Ï„) formula gives ÃŽ ¤sun = 3229.5 K. Furthermore, the Wien displacement law: Ï„max à ¯Ã†â€™-T = b, where Ï„max = 450 nm is the peak wavelength and b = 2.898à ¯Ã†â€™-10−3mK is a constant of proportionality called Wiens displacement constant, gives ÃŽ ¤sun = 6440K. The analysis based on Planck and Wien laws gives ÃŽ ¤sun = (5224 + 6440) / 2 K = 5832 K which is less than 1% from the effective temperature obtained from NASA. Finally, the application of DFA method on the detrended SIF data, eliminating the fitting of Planck, p(Ï„) and Plank(Ï„, Tef) formula, gave again DFA-exponents very close to 1 (ranging from 1.01 to 1.08) as shown in Fig. 6. All the previous discussion indicates that the 1/f scaling dynamics observed in solar flux concerns not the Planck’s law but its variations. 4. Conclusions The main conclusions of the present survey were: DFA-n applied on the initial SIF data set revealed DFA-exponents very close to unity (after DFA-2). Power spectral density for the linearly detrended SIF data set showed that the power-law fitting gives coefficient of determination, R2, higher than the exponential one, while DFA-1 exponent was 1.24 and DFA-n exponents ranged from 0.94 to 1. Similar results were extracted when we repeated the above mentioned analysis for the polynomially (of 6th degree) detrended SIF data set and it seemed that no detrending is needed for the studied data set. To resume our results we analysed the initial SIF-WL data set by using Haar analysis. As ÃŽ ¹t was derived, the intermittency of SIF data set was very high and the data were far from Gaussian. At scales below 10 nm, the power spectrum exponent ÃŽ ² was almost 1 (1/f structure), while at larger scales, the exponents ÃŽ ¾(2) and ÃŽ ² seemed to equal to 1.2 and 2.2, respectively. The results of the power spectral density for the initial SIF-WL data set (using the MEM) versus frequency seemed to lie in between 1/f and 1/f2.2 structure. The power spectral density versus WL for the initial as well as for the polynomially (of 6th and 7th degree) detrended SIF data set (using again the MEM) revealed also exponent very close to unity. Eliminating the fitting of three different types of Planck formula from SIF data set, scaling exponents very close to unity were derived Finally, the 1/f scaling dynamics observed in solar flux concerns not the Planck’s law but its variations.

The Smell :: English Literature Essays

The Smell It was another one of those lonely Monday nights, Christina was home alone, baby-sitting her brother. Her parents left to a dinner, movies, and opera, weren't they just a little to lucky. So she had to stay home, with her little brother. Yup, that was it, being home alone by herself was scary enough, but with her brother, it was a nightmare. It was 10:30PM, she was watching Melrose Place and her brother was upstairs, sleeping like an angel. "Well at least I have peace now." she thought, boy would she be wrong. The night was like any other nights, late June, school out and no homework. It was hot and humid outside, a night for a thunderstorm. Christina had a weird feeling in her stomach, like when you think something is going to happen. She just tried to forget about and continue to watch the TV. It was 11:30PM when she began to hear a noise, she ignored it at first but it became real to her that it was something, something that wanted her attention. Ignoring it didn't really work, it came right out of the window to her back. It was a faint scratching noise, like when a tree branch scratches against a wall, or a mouse is trying scratch something. ON and on it went, a rhythm of some sort, following the same order over and over. "It's just my imagination." She thought, but it was real, too real. She couldn't take it no more. She got up, walked over to window and looked out, nothing there. She came back to the couch, returning to Mad TV, the show on the TV. Relaxed a little she bagan to do fall asleep, dozing off to the rhythm of the sound. "THE SOUND!!!" she screamed in her mind, it was back again, hypnotising her, "WHAT AM I GOING TO DO, WHAT IS THAT!!!" She got up, weird smell hit her nostrils, it was a scent of rotting bodies, like something was old and decomposing. Coughing she walked to the window, opened it and walked back. The smell making her nauseous, she ran into the toilet and began to vomit. "What is that smell?", she asked herself. And that's when she remembered it, the sound came from the window, and she opened it. " Oh no, something maybe in the house" she said aloud, then as quietly as possible, she went back into the room.

Immanuel Kant Essay

A. Kant’s ethical theory Standard rationality is the major foundation of Kant’s ethical theory. Moral requirements are also associated with the standard rationality but this standard could be based on instrumental principles of rationality or based on the sui generis rational instinct. A conventional conformity could be achieved through the analysis of rationality with instrumental principles. Kant argued that conforming to instrumental and non-instrumental principles (â€Å"Categorical Imperative†) will both be justified to rationality (Kant’s Moral Philosophy 2004). Kant supported his arguments that being rational reflect free will, law of autonomous will. Each of us is accepted based on our self-governing reasons and gain equal respect from other people. According to him, the standard of rationality is the key foundation of moral requirements. Violation of such rule is thereby irrational. Kant believed that a â€Å"good will† is the highest notion of being such ‘good person’, or ‘a person of good will’ (Kant’s Moral Philosophy 2004). There are no other qualifications of being ‘good’ other than ‘good will’. Basically, the notion of ‘good will’ is the possession of a will that is consistent and on the basis with the notion of the moral law. A person of good will is the one who make decisions, do good things in such a way that he/she told to be morally and taking moral considerations According to Kant, the outcome for search for the inherent and fundamental ‘good’ was not inherently good. Happiness and pleasure could be the result from most evil acts. In fact, he use the term good to describe the ‘good will’ – the resolution in accordance with duty. He believed that reason would give individuals to work out what one’s duty was. Kant also criticized the notion that we are free. According to him, we can’t be described as free if our actions are just circling around a defined boundary. He also stressed that following the belief that god and life is existing, morality would make no sense. The principle that one should act in accordance with such truths was criticized by Kant for this principle says that we would perform these actions of which it is true that they are right and ought to be performed. Wolff’s principle tells that actions must be performed if it falls under the concept ‘to be done’. Autonomy and Heteronomy In philosophical perspective, autonomy refers when a person/individual acts by himself/herself based from his/her internal drives, needs and ideals while heteronomy is defined when an individual acts based upon outside forces and responsibilities. According to Kant, â€Å"Autonomous agents† acts to what their instinct tell them (Kant’s Moral Philosophy 2004). In addition, they act in accordance with the categorical imperative of willing what is â€Å"univerzable† to be known and consistent with moral law. â€Å"Heteronomous agents† think first to the possible consequences of their actions as affected by their environment (Kant’s Moral Philosophy 2004). They derive principles of actions from outside by putting into consideration the consequences of their action or the perception of others towards one thing or object. In a narrow perspective (person), autonomy reflects to selecting right decisions for one-self. In broader sense (political perspective), autonomy reflects the right of self-determination (Kant’s Moral Philosophy 2004). A heteronomous will lies its rules of actions that have been legislated externally to it while autonomous will is completely self-legislating. Kant’s Categorical Imperative Kant is known form his theory called the ‘categorical imperative’ rooted from the idea of duty. According to him, categorical imperative is a principle that is essentially and fundamentally legitimate; universally good to him and to others; it requires to comply with when the situation is associated with the moral law.   Ã‚  Ã‚   His theory is the fundamental foundation at the basis of all our moral values and duties. If we observe, it coined the word â€Å"imperative.† His theory is an imperative for it is a command. It informs and commands us to exercise our wills in a particular way, and not performing the opposite of the theory. Kant distinguished another form of ‘oughts’ other than our moral duties. This principle is so called â€Å"hypothetical imperative† (Kant’s Moral Philosophy 2004) which is being based on a quite different kind of principle. Like categorical imperative, hypothetical imperative is also a command that also applies to us in virtue of having a good will. However, it is not simply a virtue for we have need of to exercising our wills. Hence, this theory is a command in a conditional form. Kant listed three formulation of the categorical imperative which he believed to be   almost equivalent – Formula of Universal Law (First Formulation), Formula of the End in Itself Second Formulation), and Formula of Autonomy (Third Formulation). The Formula of Universal Law simply states that the maxim should be selected. A supreme law guides this formulation – to do deeds in harmony with that maxim. The first formulation is interpreted as â€Å"universality test† having five steps: (1) finding the agent’s maxim; (2) putting oneself in a parallel circumstance on the real world agent followed that maxim; (3) decide on contradictions; (4) if there’s contradiction, acting on that maxim is not permissible in the real world, and (5) if there’s no contradiction, acting on that maxim is allowed. The second formulation simply says to respect for humanity. Don’t put an end to a certain situation by doing bad deeds just to serve as a getaway. According to him, we must all act accordingly to every rational being and to place restrictions on the acts we adopt on the search of our ends, do not accept it. Kant enumerated two kinds of imperative – hypothetical and categorical. Hypothetical imperative requires an immediate action because it is a necessity and a requirement. In example, if I am hungry, then I must eat something. Categorical imperative refers to an unmodified, categorical prerequisite that is both a requirement and justified. In Kant’s hypothetical imperative, he believed that it would not be accepted. Hypothetical moral systems cannot be as bases for moral judgments since imperatives are subjective. What is morally accepted in an individual may not be absolutely true for others. Consequently, the categorical imperative was presented as an option to the inconsistency of hypothetical imperative (Kant’s Moral Philosophy 2004). Categorical Imperative: Autonomous Ethical Choice The foundation of Kant’s theory states that human wills are self-directed. He believed that we could understand and justify moral requirements if we could be self-governing. Freedom is not merely consisting of any law that everyone is liberated to perform a certain actions. However, freedom is consisting of a law in such a way that this law, in some sense, would allow individuals for one’s own making. The idea of freedom as autonomy is where a person has laid down laws where he has also the decisive authority. Kant explains that free will is naturally inexplicable. A rational person would base his/her decisions on reasons and justifications of his/her act. Categorical Imperative is met when a person justified his/her acts. Thus, reflecting to autonomous ethical choice of a person. With our free will and/or autonomous ethical choices, we act on it objectively. B. Kant’s Ethical Theory: An Analysis For me, I support Kant’s theory on ethical decision-making. Kant pointed-out, we cannot exceed to the limitations of our thinking. Based from our line of reasoning, we justified things objectively. We make decisions based on our understanding. I think these statements are true and absolute. Kant’s argued that categorical imperative must reflect on our free will. He argued that instrumental and non-instrumental principles are necessary to meet the categorical imperatives. General facts may or may not be true for a person who do not understand its concepts or understand it on the other perspective. Good will responds to the universal moral law and we follow these laws according to our autonomous acts. We accept humanity, rational agency as represented by our understanding.

Broken glass †research Essay

Margaret Hyman- Harry Hymans wife, â€Å"fair, lusty and energetic†, informative, nosey. She is friendly, likes laughing a complete opposite to Gellburg- it makes him uncomfortable Phillip Gelburg- â€Å"slender intense man in his late forties†, patient, secretive, dislikes social situations, unsympathetic The theme of Gellburgs wife’s illness is introduced, and Gellburg indicates he is perhaps either irritated by wife’s condition or the presence of Margaret – uses short brief answers. Gellburg is going to visit Dr Hyman office to receive some results on the test his wife had – she is paralysed and showing no signs of illness at all. A little background history about the Hymans is given. Reference to places in Brooklyn made –â€Å"ocean Parkway†. Opening of scene two from p3 to Gellburg I see p5. Margaret Hyman Dr Hyman-â€Å"early fifties†, an inquisitive, factual man â€Å"more people die or rat bite you know†, idolises women/wife. Slow thinker Gellburg- he is impressed by Hyman, however some uncertainty towards him is clear A very slight introduction to the theme of Gellburg and Sylvia’s relationship, suggest that’s its perhaps cold â€Å"oh†¦ I never thought of it†¦ † he’s almost unfamiliar with his own wife. Sylvia’s illness is mentioned again – appears to be coping. Audience is introduced to Dr Hyman, Sylvia’s doctor who is investigating her sudden paralysis. Sylvia appears to be coping well, something which Hyman admires. Dr Hyman has the results from Dr Sherman’s tests on Sylvia. Reference to the typicality of the time – a doctor smoking indoors, un fazed by the claimed causes of smoking. p5 Hyman I find this Adolph Hitler†¦ to p6 Gellburg Listen, I sympathise†¦ Hyman – Educated in Germany, and shows great sympathy towards the Jews being punished over there, he can’t understand the brutality. Gellburg – suggests he has a short temper and that is almost ashamed of being a Jew, he’s not very sympathetic of the Jews in Germany – he’s very independent. Theme of Sylvia and Gellburgs relationship with one another is touched on – Hyman presents this idea that Sylvia is scared of Philip. The theme of anti-Semitism and Gellburg’s own personal beliefs and his resentment of being Jewish is shown. Also Sylvia’s NAZI fear suggested – it’s almost an obsession of hers. While Hyman is trying to find the answer within the results, he talks to Gellburg firstly about the Soldiers in Berlin smashing Jewish homes/stores etc, and Sylvia’s concern over it. Gellburg expresses his thoughts on the German Jews, â€Å"I know but they’re supposed to be refugees†¦Ã¢â‚¬  he has a negative attitude towards them – Hyman particularly agree. Contextual reference to the Nazis pogroms—state sanctioned, anti-Jewish riots—against the Jewish community of Germany. It was known as â€Å"Kristallnacht†, or â€Å"night of the broken glass†. Many Jewish homes, businesses, schools, hospitals and synagogues were destroyed. It can be seen as the first step in anti-Semitism. Also contextual reference to the stigma and accusations attached to the Jews in the 1930’s. p7 Hyman (cutting him of)†¦ to p9 Gellburg That’s the way I am†¦ Hyman – shows more intrigue in Gellburgs relationship, he reasons behind his questions are not yet revealed but cause audience interest. He isn’t sure of how/what is causing the hysteria. Gellburg – he is shown to be a very forward and assertive man; he likes to know the facts He is difficult to talk to. Gellburg becomes â€Å"tense† and â€Å"flushed† by the mention of his marital relationship. Gellburg is proud of his wife, however the tension and the fact they only â€Å"get on very well† suggests some issues. Sylvia’s paralysis is hysterical, in relation to â€Å"people who are anxious enough or really frightened can imagine they’ve gone blind or deaf† – Gellburg is finding it difficult to understand. Sylvia and Gellburgs relationship is discussed – Gellburg speaks very highly of Sylvia but Hyman senses some tension around the discussion of their relationship. Dr Hyman believes that Sylvia’s paralysis is hysterical and psychological, however he is unsure what is causing it. Gellburg questions Sylvia’s mental stability. p9 Hyman You’re in†¦ to p10 slight pause Hyman- he is against the â€Å"psychiatry rigmarole†. He likes get ‘stuck in’ with work- likes to get straight to the point. Gellburg –He is proud of his profession. He is embarrassed about talking about his sexual relationship with his wife. He shows his disapproval of the actions in Germany/Judaism. Again the theme of relationship. Sylvia and Gellburg have relations â€Å"twice, three times a week† Theme of the situation in Germany and how it’s in the papers across the world. Also the theme of Sylvia’s paralysis. It’s revealed Gellburg is â€Å"the head of Mortgage Department of Brooklyn Guarantee and Trust. † Hyman plans to treat Sylvia in his own way. The sexual relationship of Gellburg and Sylvia is queried as Hyman believes sex is linked to the paralysis – Gellburg claims to have relations â€Å"twice, three times a week†. Gellburg believes it is the pictures of the anti-sematic actions in Germany in the papers is what has caused the hysteria –â€Å"she scares herself to death with them† Contextual link to Anti- Semitism occurred in America as well despite the Jewish community being greater than the Christian community. There we no laws passed against the Jews to prevent them from doing things – it was personal prejudice. Also , contextual link to the pogroms in Germany p10 slight pause to p13 Hyman I don’t know†¦ Gellburg – He becomes very emotional when describing the fall.. However he then becomes doubtful of his own wife. He denounces other Jews for not succeeding as he has done. His lack of humour, his brutish, snappy impatience, and paranoiac intensity make him dislikeable to the audience. Hyman- is becoming more inquisitive, he likes to know about people, what they do etc. The theme of work plays a part, Gellburg is very proud with the position he is in –â€Å"I’m the only Jew ever worked for Brooklyn Guarantee in their whole history. † Although a contradiction, the theme of Gellburgs Judaism. The theme of Sylvia’s illness – the emotional side it (how she’s reacting, it’s also suggested she is almost faking the paralysis) Gellburg recalls the night Sylvia collapsed and became paralysed – â€Å"her legs turned to butter. I couldn’t stand her up. Kept falling around like a rag doll†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Gellburg explains his work, and expresses his pride of being â€Å"the only Jew ever worked for Brooklyn Guarantee in their whole history. † Hyman suggests that Sylvia is subconsciously scared causing her paralysis. Gellburg however questions whether or not his wife is â€Å"doing it against me†. Context reference to the American economy In the 1930’s. In 1928 the wall street crash left America in a great depression due to the crash in the stock market. p13 Gellburg (stares for a long moment†¦) to p14 Gellburg turns and goes†¦ Hyman-clearly a man of science does not believe in possessions or â€Å"dybbuk†. Gellburg- he comes across as uneasy, â€Å"deeply disturbed†, he has a short temper, and he’s quick to assume â€Å"you’re not blaming this on me, are you? †. We also learn his is perhaps old morale as his â€Å"parents were from the old country† Theme of relationship- Hyman believes that â€Å"a lot of loving† is needed to help Sylvia and her Paralysis (another theme). Unsure of what to make of the results of his wife’s tests, he even questions whether she has been possessed. Hyman wants to treat Sylvia â€Å"unconventionally†. Gellburg leaves. In Jewish folklore, a dybbuk is a malicious possessing spirit, believed to be the dislocated soul of a dead person. p14 Margaret That’s one miserable pisser†¦ to end of scene. Margaret- likes to be romanced by Hyman. Very concerning over her husband. A good judgment of character. Hyman- Determined man â€Å"full enthusiasm† regarding the mystery surrounding the illness. He likes to romance women. He has a good heart- likes to help even though he’s doubtful he can Gellburg –Highly controlling man, â€Å"He’s a dictator†, and â€Å"miserable†. Sylvia’s illness: Hyman isn’t sure how to treat her, and promises his wife that if it becomes too much that he will refer her. Margaret comments of Gellburgs character â€Å"That’s one miserable pisser†, and that â€Å"he’s a dictator†. Hyman is doubtful of his ability to treat Sylvia; however he is determined to continue due to sheer fascination. The scene ends on a empty promise to refer Sylvia to another doctor if its becomes too serious and Hyman and Margaret become intimate. Reference to American culture/cinema at the time – â€Å"at the Beverly they’ve got Ginger Rogers and Fred Astaire. Jimmy Cagney’s at the Rialto but it’s another gangster story. † Scene Two p15 Next evening to p18 Sylvia Yes. Sylvia- â€Å"She is mid-forties, a buxom, capable, and warm woman. † She is a sensitive woman, and doesn’t like to be a burden on anyone. Is she attracted to Hyman? Harriet- is Sylvia’s younger sister, she isn’t as intelligent as her sister, and she doesn’t understand Sylvia’s reasoning. The theme of Sylvia’s illness, she can feel something â€Å"†¦but inside not on the skin. (Looks at legs. ) I can harden the muscles but I can’t lift them. (Strokes her thighs. ) I seem to have an ache. Not only here but†¦ (She runs her hands down her trunk. ) My whole body seems†¦ I can’t describe it. It’s like I was just born and I†¦ didn’t want to come out yet. Like a deep, terrible aching†¦Ã¢â‚¬ suggests perhaps her paralysis is emotional? Theme of Nazi Germany: it angers Sylvia, the poor Jewish men remind her of her grandfather- it disturbs her. Sylvia’s sister Harriet is visiting her, to run some errands for Sylvia – she is â€Å"pale† and Harriet questions whether she has been eating and Sylvia’s fascination with newspapers. Harriet is doubtful of Hyman. Sylvia explains her illness into more depth, and how/why the newspapers are distressing her – the old men scrubbing the flood remind her of her grandfather, she sympathises with them. In November 1938, a Nazi ‘diplomat’ was shot dead by a Jew in Paris. Hitler ordered a seven day campaign of terror against the Jews in Germany to be organised by Himmler and the SS. On the 10th November, the campaign started. 10,000 shops owned by Jews were destroyed and their contents stolen. Homes and synagogues were set on fire and left to burn. A huge amount of damage was done to Jewish property but the Jewish community was ordered to pay a one billion mark fine to pay for the eventual clear-up. Jews were forced to scrub the streets clean. p18 Sylvia returns to p 20 Gellburg It’s only a colour†¦ Gellburg – he has a Stern, harsh and forbidding presence. He is only proud of being Jewish when there is reason to be proud (i. e. only Jew in the army) Sylvia – a very emotional, concerned woman and has a slightly reserved attitude towards Gellburg. Sylvia’s paralysis: she feels like she is a burden on Gellburg- being overly apologetic, something which causes annoyance to Gellburg and strain to their â€Å"relationship†. (another theme) Gellburg arrives home, he has a letter from the General of his son Jerome rank – Jerome has been given the honour of giving a lecture on artillery in Fort Still. Gellburg is overwhelmed with pride, as Jerome could be the first Jewish general in the US army. Sylvia is resentful – she is concerned about his welfare. Sylvia keeps apologising for her burden she feels she is putting on Gellburg. Gellburg reveals he saw Hyman last night, and that he wants to change. He wants to teach Sylvia to drive. Slight link to the stigma’s that were attached to being Jewish –â€Å" I wanted to see that a Jew doesn’t have to be a Lawyer or a Doctor or a businessman. † p21 Sylvia Tell me†¦ to p24 end of the scene. Sylvia- she is unhappy in her relationship – she only stayed for â€Å"her mother†, â€Å"for Jerome†. She also regrets marriage. Her illness takes its toll; she is frightened by the mystery surrounding it. Gellburg: he is also very miserable, impotent and hasn’t had relations with his wife for years. Only out of fear he stayed in the relationship. Sylvia and Philips relationship/marriage: they haven’t been a couple in years- Gellburg resents marriage it is clear they are merely just living together- not married. Philips incompetence has put a strain on their relationship – perhaps even Sylvia’s health? Is she frightened by him? Sylvia’s illness: remains unchanged, when Philip eggs her on to walking heated discussion she falls to the ground. Gellburg explains that Dr Hyman believes that her paralysis is psychological, and caused by fear- fear, which Gellburg believes, is due to the newspapers. Sylvia believes â€Å"it’s ridiculous. I can’t move my legs from reading a newspaper? † When Gellburg attempts to comfort her, she believes she’s dying, that there is no hope. Phillip tries to change their relationship but Sylvia believes â€Å"it’s too late for that†¦ It hasn’t happened in years†- Philip is impotence. Philip regrets marriage – they haven’t had a relationship for years. He eggs her to try and walk but she collapses on the floor. In November 1938, a Nazi ‘diplomat’ was shot dead by a Jew in Paris. Hitler ordered a seven day campaign of terror against the Jews in Germany to be organised by Himmler and the SS. On the 10th November, the campaign started. 10,000 shops owned by Jews were destroyed and their contents stolen. Homes and synagogues were set on fire and left to burn. A huge amount of damage was done to Jewish property but the Jewish community was ordered to pay a one billion mark fine to pay for the eventual clear-up. Jews were forced to scrub the streets clean. Characters Key themes Plot development Reference to context. Scene Three p24 Opening of sceneDr Hyman’s office†¦ to p25 Hyman Yes. But in a way†¦ Harriet –adores Hyman and the work he had done for her cousin. She is attentive, nosey, almost a gossip although she has reservations of whether to tell Hyman anything. Hyman – he adore female attention. He is mystified, confused by Sylvia’s paralysis, he is interested in finding out about Phillip and Sylvia’s relationship The events in Germany are mentions in reference to the paper Sylvia has obsession with. Harriet goes to see Dr Hyman – he explains how physiologically, her numbness doesn’t make sense. Hyman used to treat Harriet’s cousin, Roslyn Fein who had a crush on him. Since the collapse, Sylvia acts like â€Å"this is how she wants to be†, and that’s its only â€Å"last couple of weeks† she has had the fascination with Germany despite it â€Å"being across the ocean†. Reference made again to the NAZI and actions taken against Jews in Germany. (mentioned in previous context) p25 Hyman Yes. But in a way†¦ to p27Something darkens Harriet’s expression†¦ Harriet- Doesn’t withhold on her opinions, which are suggested as general ones of everybody. Hyman – he is piecing together and trying to work out who Phillip is, what he’s like, is it’s something to do with Sylvia’s paralysis? He is shocked by how Philip has treated Sylvia. Harriet discusses Gellburg and Sylvia’s relationship ? she explains Phillips brash side and how he took is anger out on Sylvia by hitting her with a steak. Their relationship isn’t stable. Gellburgs hatred of himself being a Jew and his awareness of anti-Semitism is picked up. Hyman asks questions about Philips personality and his relationship with Sylvia. Harriet regards him as a â€Å"prune†, lies about him being â€Å"sweet† and discloses how no one like to be around him ,especially with opinions that go against his â€Å"republican† thoughts. â€Å"I don’t understand him and I never will. † Harriet reveals when Philip and Sylvia came close to separation when â€Å"he hit her with a steak† because it was â€Å"overdone† –â€Å"the whole thing is very strange†. p27Something darkens Harriet’s expression†¦to the end of the scene Harriet – although haunted by the account, she feels sympathy towards Philip and her sister despite her not liking Philip very much. Philip despite everything is a good man. Hyman – is with further confusion – they’re marriage does not make sense. Again in further detail the theme of Sylvia and Phillips relationship. Despite their fights and abuse, he still adores her – something which causes great confusion amongst everyone. Harriet tells Hyman of one Christmas when Sylvia was joking about some â€Å"very French† postcards, Phillip threw her up the stairs and â€Å"screamed† at her and everyone else ? all because, it is suggested, he is impotent. However, Harriet explains that â€Å"the expression on that man’s face when he’s watching her- it could almost break your heart†¦He adore her! † Scene Four Complete scene Case –â€Å"He has great natural authority, an almost childishly naive self-assurance†, he has a lot of trust in Gellburg. However, anti-Semitism is hinted â€Å"it’s surprising for one of you people† Gellburg: admires and trusts Case, hard worker, enjoys the satisfaction of being right. The theme of Gellburgs obsession with work. It shows his emphasis for detail and how he adores praise and appreciation of all his work/findings. Gellburg stops by the office to offer advice on a property and to also boast about the progress of his son in the army. He suggest that case stay away from building 611 due to hearsay issues that Wannamaker’s- a popular business is going and that 611 is a bad building. He is thanked and offered a brandy. Anti-Semitism in America reached its peak during the interwar period. Car manufacturer Henry Ford propagated anti-Semitic ideas in his newspaper The Dearborn Independent. The radio speeches of Father Coughlin in the late 1930s attacked Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal and promoted the notion of a Jewish financial conspiracy. views were also shared by politicians; Louis T. McFadden, Chairman of the United States House Committee on Banking and Currency, blamed Jews for Roosevelt’s decision to abandon the gold standard, and claimed that â€Å"in the United States today, the Gentiles have the slips of paper while the Jews have the lawful money Scene Five p32 start of scene to p33 Sylvia Well you mustn’t get anyone†¦ Sylvia – her mood changes around Hyman, she becomes flirtatious, anticipated, when he comes closer or touches her. Hyman- he is excited by Sylvia, he repeats how â€Å"beautiful† she is and how she have â€Å"moved â€Å"him. It’s clear they have feelings for one another. Sylvia and Hymans relationship: the theme of their relationship and development of their emotions for one another plays an important role, as it shows Sylvia’s desire to be loved. Sylvia’s paralysis has no improvement despite the coaxing words of Hyman, she simply can’t move her legs. Hyman comes to visit Sylvia – he checks upon her legs; She can’t feel touch or move them. Sylvia is excited by his presence, as is Hyman by her and so feels he should refer her to another doctor as he claims he hasn’t â€Å"been moved by a woman in a very long time†. Sylvia disapproves. p33 Sylvia Well you mustn’t get anyone†¦ to p34 Hyman Are you afraid right now? Sylvia –Anxious around him Her â€Å"eyes show fear† when Philip is mentioned Hyman – revealed he had many lovers in his youth. He is vain. Cares a lot about Sylvia. Sylvia does not know the overall answer as to she is feeling the way she does, why she can’t move her legs. Relationship: When Hyman mentions Philip at random he notices fear in her eyes ? key to her paralysis? Disruption in marriage? Hyman tries to press for an answer as to what is bothering her, but she doesn’t know. Hyman feels defeated; he doesn’t know what to do. Sylvia begs for patience, and they change topic onto Hymans youth, but when Hyman mentions Philip, â€Å"Sylvia’s eyes show fear†. p34 Hyman Are you afraid right now? to p36 Sylvia Tell me about Germany. Sylvia – She enjoys reminiscing about the past (suggests that they were better times. ) She has great desire to talk to Hyman/to be loved. Hyman- also likes remembering about his past in Germany, he likes women’s attention and is suggested he find sit difficult to say no to Sylvia. Illness: She tries to avoid questions on the subject almost as though she has convinced herself she will never walk again. She likes the company of Hyman. Relationship: Sylvia resents the fact she was forced to give up work, almost as though it took her freedom. But the fact that she is seeking â€Å"love† or attention from Hyman by kissing him, suggests that her marriage is not satisfying her needs. Sylvia tells Hyman of how she met Phillip, when they married and how he forced her not got to work despite her wanting to. She enjoys talking to Hyman. Sylvia reveals that Hyman makes her feel hope full of herself – she kisses his palm and he sweeps her hair back. He resists her by staying away, he tries to encourage her to move her legs but she gives us – she just can’t move them. She asks to know about Germany (of Hymans Past). p36 Sylvia Tell me about Germany to the end of the scene. Sylvia- She is silenced by fear, she wants to talk and express things but she knows that Philip disagrees. She feels comfortable and open with Hyman, something she does normally feel. Hyman – Links back to how he believes love/sex is linked to her secret illness. He uses it to try and get her to open up (intelligent/inquisitive. ) Germany – Sylvia constantly refers back to the events in Germany. But Hymen isn’t convinced this is her only fear. Gellburgs hatred of himself being a Jew and his awareness of anti-Semitism is picked up. Hyman studied medicine in Germany because American medical school have â€Å"high quotas for Jews†. Sylvia feels great sympathy and almost empathises with the Jews in the times. No one talks about it with her, Philip only jokes about Jews. She is frightened inside. Hyman asks Sylvia to pretend they have made love and that she is telling him all her secrets. He leaves and she is left thinking. Certain universities, most notably Harvard, introduced policies which effectively placed a quota on the number of Jews admitted to the university. This reached its height in the 1920s and has now died out to the point that 28% of the Ivy League student population is Jewish Scene Six p38 Hyman’s Office to p38 Gellburg I’m kind of upset†¦ Gellburg- he’s nervous, lost weight , sighs a lot – he snaps rudely at Margret when she tries to help Margret- pry’s into the business of Gellburg, she notices changes in Gellburg. Sylvia’s illness: there are been change since Hymans last visit. Gellburg visits Hymans office. While waiting Margaret notices he has lost weight and that he is sighs a lot. There is no change in Sylvia. Gellburg snaps, he is â€Å"upset†.p38 Hyman enters†¦ to p40 Gellburg Listen†¦ Gellburg- His quick to judge nature is reflected again into the discussion – he is elf conscious about what Sylvia may or may not have said. Hyman – â€Å"the openness of this hostility mystifies Hyman who becomes apologetic† Relationship: Appears that Gellburg is attempting to fix their relationship, however Gellburg leads us to doubtfully believe it is only a recent occurrence. Gellburg confides with Hyman that he is going to have sex with Sylvia. He claims they haven’t been together â€Å"for the last two week† and â€Å"some time before that†. Hyman suggests that love is the key to her being well, as women who aren’t feeling loved is â€Å"lost†. Gellburg takes offence. Characters Key themes Plot development Reference to context p40 Gellburg Listen†¦to p41 Hyman Good! Gellburg- he is full of such anger and doubt, his reasoning is difficult to understand for Hyman, but he does trust him Hyman – He questions everything he hears. Illness: Gellburg almost uses the paralysis as an excuse for their lack of relationship, as though it is being used to defy him. Marriage: Suggests that he doesn’t trust his wife ? no trust weak marriage. Gellburg asks to be put in touch with a specialist for himself (his impotence). Hyman believes Gellburg is stressed (due to sighing). Gellburg thinks that her paralyse is being done on purpose, he’s wondering â€Å"if she gets out and walks around when I leave the house. † He is suspicious of what Sylvia and Hyman talk about, despite that he claims â€Å"I do trust you. † p41 Hyman Good! To p43 Shaken, Hyman†¦ Gellburg – He is vein liar, he will say anything to protect himself and his image. He tries to blame her paralysis on her madness because he may know that he is the reason for it. Hyman –He is out of his depth Relationship- this again suggests a very poor and weak relationship. He takes his personal weakness out on his both others and his marriage.. Gellburg confides in Hyman that he has trouble with impotence. Hyman comforts Gellburg that its nothing to worry about, and that he shouldn’t worry that she is expecting more. .Facing increasing recognition of his own impotence and weakness, he tries to hide it behind the lie that he made love to his wife, but that she then rejected him by cruelly claiming to have forgotten the experience altogether within hours of its occurrence. p43 Shaken, Hyman†¦ to p44 Gellburg I am deciding†¦ Gellburg- is angry, frustrated and physically sick of Hymans indecisiveness and by the idea that his wife is trying to destroy him. Hyman – he is out of his depth, unable to say the answer Gellburg is looking for. He is sus pious of his claim of making love with Sylvia. Relationship – It seems as though Sylvia and Gellburg don’t know each other anymore. Gellburg is so caught up in the lies that he is ruining his wife’s only happiness of seeing Hyman. Sylvia claims that Gellburg had â€Å"imagined doing it† as an act of spite and that she is trying to â€Å"destroy† him. Hyman doesn’t know what to say, in fear he is out of his depth. Gellburg is furious, storms out of the office forbidding Sylvia to be treated by Hyman again. p44 Gellburg I am deciding†¦to end of the scene Hyman- he believes anything a woman tells him. He is ambitious, has a drive to figure out the mystery Margaret- is doubtful of him ever finding an answer. She believes he is out of his depth and should referred to another doctor – for once Hyman is not taking her advice. Illness- Hyman believes something big is causing the illness, something which she is scared to admit it. Driven by this idea that Sylvia knows something key, he is full of determination to find out what it is that is making her so scared that she is paralysed. Margaret id doubtful – she simply believes she mad and that she should be referred. Scene Seven p46 start of the scene to end of the scene p48 Case – angry at the fact he has lost out on a property with potential – he blames Gellburg. Gellburg – Quick with explanation, he hates to be in a position where his work is criticized. Gellburgs obsession with work is clear because when he fails and becomes in trouble it is a great blow to him and his self-esteem. Gellburg and Case have a heated discussion, the building Case wanted which Gellburg had told him information on was false, causing friction and tension between the two. Gellburg becomes progressively ill under stress– he â€Å"is left open mouthed, one hand raised to bring back his life. † Scene Eight p49 Start of the scene to p51Hyman (forced to give up).. Sylvia – likes sharing things with Hyman, she likes to listen to. Hyman –wants to help to the best of his ability, but he is finding it a struggle, he can’t cope he needs assistance. Ill ness- â€Å"I’ve learned that your kind of symptoms come from deep within the mind. I would have to deal with your dreams to get any results, your deepest secret feelings, you understand? That is not my training. † Hyman visits Sylvia, he compliments her hair and perfume (much to Sylvia’s delight) and they discuss about their childhood. Hyman says that â€Å"I’ve learned that your kind of symptoms come from deep within the mind. I would have to deal with your dreams to get any results, your deepest secret feelings, you understand? That is not my training. † Despite this Sylvia wishes for Hyman to hear of her dream. p51Hyman (forced to give up)..to p52 Sylvia I feel like I’m losing†¦ Sylvia – her obsessions with the NAZI pogroms have become greater – she is now dreaming every night of being attacked. Hyman – is greatly concerned for the welfare of Sylvia. Germany – the events in Germany have affected her dreams, like what Hyman said â€Å"the people in the pictures seem real to her. † Her dream is in black and white of a town (just like the pictures in the paper), within it, she is being chased, and then is mounted by a man who kisses her and cuts of her breasts. She thinks its Philip but it’s not. Sylvia becomes emotional, and embraces and kisses Hyman on the mouth. Pogroms in Germany, as written in previous boxes ^ p52 Sylvia I feel like I’m losing†¦ to p54 Sylvia (with bitter irony)†¦ Sylvia- she is furious over the suggestion that she is mentally unstable and that her husband would create such a lie. Hyman Marriage ? is weak; they haven’t had relations in over 20years, unusual for a couple of their age. Key reason for their poor relationship. Hyman asks Sylvia whether they had relations the other night- she has no idea what he is talking about as they haven’t been intimate with one another for 20 years just after their son was born. Gellburg suffered from impotence since a young age and they were never able to have sex – despite them seeing a rabbi. It caused a huge strain on their marriage, they were close to divorce. p54 Sylvia (with bitter irony)†¦ to p57 Gellburg enters Sylvias – a very fearful, timid and frail women. She is driven by Hyman to attempt to walk again. Hyman –He tries leave and calm Sylvia down and keep a distance between them because he knows of Sylvia’s flirtatious intentions. Illness – she scared of psychiatry treatment because to her it would mean that she is crazy and also of what Gellburg might do he found out Hyman had come to visit. She seeks comfort from Hyman when she panics over the newspapers. (events in Germany) Hyman asks if he can bring a specialist to see her- but she is scared of psychiatry and seeks comfort and assistance from Hyman for when Gellburg returns. She is scared of what he may do, as he is in trouble with Case at work. She then begins to panic about the Germans, whom of which Hyman believes are nothing to be scared of as â€Å"it will all pass! † She panics further about it reaching the US, and what they do with the Jews. She can’t understand why they don’t runway- Hyman is flustered, out of his depth. Sylvia faints as she attempts to take a step off the bed. 10,000 shops owned by Jews were destroyed and their contents stolen. Homes and synagogues were set on fire and left to burn. A huge amount of damage was done to Jewish property but the Jewish community was ordered to pay a one billion mark fine to pay for the eventual clear-up. Jews were forced to scrub the streets clean. Holocaust (in two boxes below) p57 Gellburg enters to p58 Hyman gives Gellburg a quick†¦ Sylvia Hyman – shows a concern for Sylvia but a suggestive slight hatred towards Gellburg and the way he’s treated her. Gellburg – Concerned for Sylvia Illness ? even though she began to walk there is further improvement. They rush to her assistance. Hyman exclaims he is here because â€Å"she is desperate to be loved! † Sylvia tries to move her legs but nothing happens. p58 Hyman gives Gellburg a quick†¦ to p59 They are silent†¦ Sylvia – Gellburg doesn’t want to talk to her, he shuts her out so she kicks him out of their marital bed. Gellburg – he doesn’t understand his wife, or her thoughts. He pushes her too hard. He is greatly upset by the banning from his bed. Relationship ? they no longer sleep in the same bed – she bans him. Sylvia exclaims that she nearly walked, that it was/is Hyman who can help her walk again. Gellburg disagrees and questions her tone, and calls her â€Å"crazy†. Sylvia forbids him to sleep with her again, after he misunderstands the concept of the Jewish children being beaten. She argues at him for lying about their relations, upsetting Gellburg who weeps â€Å"you will kill me†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The Holocaust was the systematic, bureaucratic, state-sponsored persecution and murder of approximately six million Jews by the Nazi regime and its collaborators. â€Å"Holocaust† is a word of Greek origin meaning â€Å"sacrifice by fire. † The Nazis, who came to power in Germany in January 1933, believed that Germans were â€Å"racially superior† and that the Jews, deemed â€Å"inferior,† were an alien threat to the so-called German racial community. Characters Key themes Plot development Reference to context p59 They are silent†¦ to the end of the scene Sylvia- resentful of her life. Gellburg – Begrudging on everyone and everything. He always feels as though it is his fault – self pity. Anti-Feminist ?